No matter who you tax, you tax everyone the same. The best alternative is to cut taxes to 10% and slash welfare spending and entitlement programs, and unchain the free-market.

It's ok. I'll introduce him to the concepts of consumer/producer surplus, and deadweight loss.

Ready for your lesson Xeno?

Yell,

WTF?

2 tier tax rate, 0% up to a minimum level (also same as any welfare for those unable to find employment) then a flat tax rate above that. Supplement this with a sales tax that is variable to encourage spending on certain items (i.e. healthy food is lower than fast food.) Luxury items are also taxed higher than essential items.

Pros: unfettered consumption is reigned in. No matter your opinion on  global warming and "green" issues, it is hard to argue that resources are not finite (otherwise they would be free/near free in the free market) so to ensure that there is stuff to have later we need to ensure some controls on consumption now.

Cons: Complicated to set up, will require a lot of work by public servants to ensure that it is maintained and all appropriate tax is collected.

"The best alternative is to cut taxes to 10% and slash welfare spending and entitlement programs, and unchain the free-market."

Cut taxes 10% on whom exactly?  The rich, when they are making record profits? Upper income earners need to be taxed more.  The problem is that they have the resources to relocate to low-tax countries. 

Slash welfare spending when people need it the most?  This is unethical.

Cut entitlement programs when the baby boomer generation is about to retire?  They've paid into pensions and planned for retirement according to certain expectations.  To change it on them at the last minute like this would not only be impossible to pass through legislatures without undermining democratic principles, but also just plain dirty.

Yes the free market needs to be unchained.  A mechanism is needed by which small businesses and start-up companies are able to compete with the transnational conglomerates of oligopolies and / or monopolies.  We need it sooner rather than later, before these oligopolies and virtual monopolies gain even more political influence.

The question is how can we tax the @#% our of the rich when the rich have designed the system so they can't get taxed as they ought to be.

I'm glad you clarified that you want to live in a robot-labor society fueled by alien technology while failing to state a desired goal of harming the economy via taxing wealth out of it.

Who cares if they are finite? It creates pressure to innovate.

Not to mention, "finite" is a moot point when the definition of "finite" is "will last 5 billion years, but afterwards is nonrenewable," such as with sunlight.  You have to distinguish between short-term finite resources, such as oil, and resources which are finite, but finite in such a way that their date of expiration is so far away that normal societal advancement would render the limitation useless (i.e., if we believe humans will colonize other solar systems in 50,000 years, we don't need to give a crap about the Sun's limited lifespan).