a very short introduction for germany can be found here:
http://www.country-studies.com/germany/social-welfare,-health-care,-and-education.html
http://www.civitas.org.uk/pubs/bb3Germany.php (from a british view, but suited for US viewers)
i am sorry, but i did not found any new articels about he last reforms in our public health care
as you have read, the german social welfare system is about 129 years old. it faced 2 World Wars (1914-18 and 1939-45); 1 Monarchy (1871-1918); 2 Dictatorships (1933-45 and in east germany 1945 (1949)-1989/90); 2 Democracys (1919-33 and west-germany/united germany after 1989/90: 1949-today); 2 total ruins of the economy (great inflation 1923 (1 $ was worth 4 trillion Reichsmark at the end, resulting in the loss of all private savings), destruction of germany in World War II); 2 economic systems (capitalism in west-germany, socialist in east germany 1945-89);
in germany we have a mixed system of public and private health care. all working people must have an health insurance for which they pay about 15% of their income (new legislation in effect since 2009). people can choose between private and public insurances. (please read the articles for more)
the last 129 were full of deep changes in german history:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany ("short" informations, if you want to discuss, you must understand german history first)
the "last" developments in germany (very short):
the nazis (1933-45) and the coummists (1945/49-89/90 in east germany) created an "socialist" system of broad social welfare to satisfy the german population at home. while that was based on an regimes with no financial basis, capitalist west-germany was in the same tradition after 1949. people reminded of the "social benefits" of the nazis (benefits gained from the destruction of europe and murder on millions) and in the prosperty of the german industry after 1950 the governments were eager to spend the gains for social welfare programs (and collect the votes by the next election). it is called "social" (not socialist!) market economy. a combination of liberal capitalism with a strong welfare part. that system got a large hit with the abortion pill. the system was based on a growing or at last firm number of births. with the delince of births less workers have to spend more money for the system to keep it alive. after the unification 1990 14 million east germans (former communist east germany) entered the system. Many unemployed after the collapse of communist economy, but used to an 100% welfare system from birth to tomb. these were voters now and the government had to suite their needs. that was the second impact, because former east germany has to be subsidized with trillions of euros in the past 20 years, to create a modern economy and social system.
Enough "shocking", because here are the benefits:
There are 82 million germans = 82 million potential patients, and hundreds of billions euros from the working people. in combination a gigantic market, creating thousands of companys, jobs and economic growth (even in the actual crisis). a self running system which always works, because people always become sick someday. so people are eager to save for that time. the invested insurance money is not locked but instead always working, generating the system every day. got cancer in the US? have a nice death! in germany, people get treatment and a second chance in life. sickness has lost its problems, because you can rely on the health care system. if you want a better treatment, you can buy it if you want. if you are self-employed, you do not need an insurance and save for your own, but on risk that your savings may get lost in an financial crisis.
in my opinion the main diffrence between germany and the US is the tradition of society. germany faced much more periods which needed/provided massive social welfare from the governments and we are used to it. of course we are not always happy with the costs, but people accept it as necessary for the german stability of the society. germans trust in a firm and secure society, "social" (not socialist!) economy, tradition and social welfare. we distrust the "nation" and all its symbols like the military or wars. the US spends hundreds of billions for weapons and wars. symbols of a stong nation. germans prefer humanity instead of brute force, because force didn't work in the first half of the past 129 years (World War I+II) and we learned that it is better to have "friends" to wage our wars for us.