The Federal Reserve is a quasi official committee of major banks participating in the FDIC program. The national chairman and half the national board are presidential appointees confirmed by the Senate. The other half of the national board are elected by the regional boards, who are all made up of private banks.
In 1908 there was no such Federal Reserve. A monetary crisis hit the US and if JP Morgan hadn't owned most of the banks himself, the depression might have hit 20 years early. As it was he had the clout to stop runs, force temporary closures and short term loans between banks. The Republic took note and decided to formalize the practice into the Federal Reserve System.
some right wingers complain that Geithner's "public-private" sharing of risk means destroying solvent banks in order to bail out insolvent ones, to avoid throwing any banks into bankruptcy. It should be clear that Bush and Paulson made a colossal error in presuming the country didn't have time to let all these corporations file Chapter 11. However, its also clear that even the best banks are hardly "free-market" vehicles, they have had decades of federal cash pumped into them and have had the federal government wipe out competition. There are very high hurdles to even use the word "bank" inyour corporate title. Until about 10 years ago, credit unions were forbidden to recruit from the general public. The purpose of this protection was precisely to foster strong resources for crisis management. BofA is SUPPOSED to loan money to shore up other banks. That's why its in the Federal Reserve, and why it can borrow money cheap fromt he US govt in ways Bill Gates can't.
But it is true that elitism and graft have derailed the system.
Here is what should be done:
1. Force everybody with "toxic assets" to write them off in 90 days unless they can prove some value. That will mean most can't prove any value. That will ruin many banks. Too bad. The deposits of citizens are insured. BUT it will wipe out the toxic assets WITHOUT running up $2 trillion in federal debt and causing inflation.
2. Force the losers to file Chapter 11. either prove you can exist on a lower scale, and get protections from creditors, or...die, and become a financial "organ donor" to other banks.
3. THEN, and only then, after the worst is past, start making solid banks share the wealth like JP Morgan saw.
4. Our restructured banking system will start drawing foriegn capital because we're still better than the UK which will let you lose it all.
The core joke of Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is that of course no civilization would develop personal computers with instant remote database recovery, and then waste this technology to find good drinks.
Steve Jobs has ruined this joke.